Mental Disorder as a Sign of Serious Harm to Health in Criminal Legislation

The paper analyzes the term “mental disorder” as a criterion of criminally punishable harm to health, which determines the degree of social danger of an act. The discussion of this criterion, its meaning and content is a pressing theoretical and practical problem, since its epistemological aspect requires reference to various fields of knowledge. The work emphasizes the relevance of an interdisciplinary approach that combines legal and medical knowledge, which is necessary for correct law enforcement practice. The paper examines historical changes in terminology in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, such as the replacement of the concept of “mental illness” with “mental disorder”, “bodily injury” with “harm to health”, and their impact on the classification of crimes against health. The authors justify the importance of considering medical classifications and harmonizing them with legal realities to ensure objectivity and uniformity in the classification of serious harm to health. Based on a comparison of the medical, legal and scientific meanings of physical and mental trauma, harm to health, and harm from mental damage, the paper proposes practical solutions for defining the category of mental disorders that should be assessed as causing material, physical, and moral (mental) harm. A medical-legal model of mental disorder as a criterion for serious harm to health is presented. The paper aims at scientists, lawyers and medical experts, specialists involved in the enforcement of criminal law.

1. Abramov V. A. Paradigmy v psikhiatrii: metodologicheskie razlichiya // Zhurnal psikhiatrii i meditsinskoy psikhologii. — 2018. — T. 3. — № 43. — S. 51–64.

2. Agaev G. A., Safonov V. N. Kriminalizatsiya i ugolovno-pravovaya otsenka prichineniya psikhicheskikh rasstroystv s pozitsiy printsipa spravedlivosti // Teoriya i praktika obshchestvennogo razvitiya. — 2023. — № 1. — S. 76–80.

3. Boyko I. B. Psikhicheskoe rasstroystvo: mediko-pravovoy aspekt // Rossiyskiy mediko-biologicheskiy vestnik imeni akademika I.P. Pavlova. — 2012. — № 3. — S. 122–127.

4. Bolshaya meditsinskaya entsiklopediya: v 29 t. T. 21 / pod red. B. V. Petrovskogo. — 3-e izd. — M.: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1983.

5. Bonkalo T. I. Posttravmaticheskoe stressovoe rasstroystvo: daydzhest. — M.: GBU «NIIOZMM DZM», 2023. — URL: https://niioz.ru/upload/iblock/de1/de1f1cfd4b7c00135e8b38db43fce32c.pdf.

6. Vasileva A. V. Posttravmaticheskoe stressovoe rasstroystvo v tsentre mezhdunarodnykh issledovaniy: ot «soldatskogo serdtsa» k MKB-11 // Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. — 2022. — T. 122. — № 10. — S. 72–81.

7. Grechishkina N. A. Psikhicheskie rasstroystva v terminologii russkikh yuridicheskikh pamyatnikov XI–XIX vv. Chast I // Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal. — 2013. — № 1. — S. 83–88.

8. Dvirskiy A. E. P. A. Butkovskiy — osnovopolozhnik rossiyskoy psikhiatrii // Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. — 2016. — T. 116. — № 9. — S. 75–80.

9. Dombrovskiy I. S. O psikhicheskom aspekte prichineniya vreda zdorovyu cheloveka // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. — 2012. — T. 56. — № 4. — S. 69–72.

10. Zagorodnikov N. I. Prestupleniya protiv zdorovya. — M.: Yurid. lit., 1969. — 166 s.

11. Zdorove i zdravookhranenie: ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov / A. A. Shabunova, K. N. Kalashnikov, M. V. Morev [i dr.]; pod red. A. A. Shabunovoy. — Vologda: ISERT RAN, 2014. — 154 s.

12. Klevno V. A., Tkachenko A. A., Chibisova R. V., Kononov R. V. Teoriya i praktika otsenki stepeni tyazhesti vreda zdorovyu v vide psikhicheskogo rasstroystva // Sudebnaya meditsina. — 2015. — T. 1. — № 3. — S. 11–16.

13. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Posttravmaticheskoe stressovoe rasstroystvo. ID: 753 (utv. Minzdravom Rossii 28.02.20023) // Rubrikator klinicheskikh rekomendatsiy Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii. — URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/753_1.

14. Krasnov V. N. MKB-11 kak etap smeny paradigm v klassifikatsii psikhicheskikh rasstroystv // Consortium Psychiatricum. — 2021. — № 2. — Vyp. 2. — S. 72–75.

15. Krasnov V. N. Sovremennye izmeneniya printsipov diagnostiki i klassifikatsii psikhicheskikh rasstroystv // Sotsialnaya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya. — 2018. — T. 28. — № 1. — S. 58–61.

16. Krepelin E. Vvedenie v psikhiatricheskuyu kliniku / poslesl. S. A. Ovsyannikova. — M.: Binom. Laboratoriya znaniy, 2004. — 493 s.

17. Levkin V. E. Osnovnye paradigmy v psikhologii // Obrazovanie i nauka. — 2008. — T. 8. — № 56. — S. 12–26.

18. Mendelevich V. D. Klassifikatsiya psikhicheskikh rasstroystv vs. sistematika povedencheskikh deviatsiy: Medikalizatsiya kak trend // Obozrenie psikhiatrii i meditsinskoy psikhologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva. — 2016. — № 1. — S. 10–16.

19. Mikheeva A. V. Psikhicheskaya travma v opredeleniyakh i ponyatiyakh sovremennykh uchenykh // Polilingvialnost i transkulturnye praktiki. — 2009. — № 2. — S. 142–148.

20. MKB-11. Glava 06. Psikhicheskie i povedencheskie rasstroystva i narusheniya neyropsikhicheskogo razvitiya. Statisticheskaya klassifikatsiya. — 2-e izd., dop., ispr. i pererab. / pod red. G. P. Kostyuka. — M.: Universitetskaya kniga, 2022. — 452 s.

21. Molchanova E. S. Posttravmaticheskoe stressovoe i ostroe stressovoe rasstroystvo v formate DSM-V: vnesennye izmeneniya i prezhnie problemy // Meditsinskaya psikhologiya v Rossii. — 2014. — T. 6. — № 1. — S. 1–13.

22. Polubinskaya S. V., Galyukova M. I. Ugolovno nakazuemyy vred psikhicheskomu zdorovyu: soderzhanie i priznaki // Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava. — 2023. — T. 18. — № 3. — S. 115–130.

23. Popov V. L. Sudebno-meditsinskaya travmatologiya. — M.: Yuridicheskiy tsentr, 2022. — 605 s.

24. Psikhicheskie rasstroystva i rasstroystva povedeniya (F00–F99). Klass V MKB-10, adaptirovannyy dlya ispolzovaniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii / pod red. B. A. Kazakovtseva, V. B. Gollanda. — M.: Minzdrav Rossii, 1998. — 512 s.

25. Pyatnitskiy N. Yu. Evolyutsiya kontseptsii «psikhopatii» v otechestvennoy psikhiatrii ot V. Kh. Kandinskogo do S. A. Sukhanova // Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. — 2020. — T. 120. — № 6. — S. 75–81.

26. Rakitov A. I. Marksistsko-leninskaya filosofiya. — M.: Politizdat, 1988. — 368 s.

27. Reshetnikov M. M. Psikhicheskaya travma: ucheb. posobie dlya bakalavriata, spetsialiteta i magistratury. — M.: Yurayt, 2018. — 200 s.

28. Rozanov V. A. Stress i psikhicheskoe zdorove (neyrobiologicheskie aspekty) // Sotsialnaya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya. — 2013. — T. 23. — № 1. — S. 79–86.

29. Serbskiy V. P. Prigovor. Ob ekspertize dushevnobolnykh i prestupnikov. — M.: Algoritm, 2019. — 416 s.

30. Spravochnik bazovoy informatsii VOZ po psikhicheskomu zdorovyu, pravam cheloveka i zakonodatelstvu. — Zheneva: Vsemirnaya organizatsiya zdravookhraneniya, 2005. — URL: https://www.ruig-gian.org/ressources/chastonay-WHOresourcebook-rus.pdf?ID=7&FILE=/ressources/chastonay-WHOresourcebook-rus.

31. Tkacheva Yu. S. Fizicheskoe nasilie kak kategoriya kriminalnogo nasiliya // Gumanitarnye, sotsialnoekonomicheskie i obshchestvennye nauki. — 2022. — № 8. — S. 123–128.

32. Tkhostov A. Sh. Psikhologiya telesnosti. — M.: Smysl, 2002. — 287 s.

33. Fedunina N. Yu., Burmistrova E. V. Psikhicheskaya travma. K istorii voprosa // Moskovskiy psikhoterapev ticheskiy zhurnal. — 2005. — T. 2. — № 45. — S. 164–190.

34. Khrustaleva Yu. A. Klinicheskie parametry pri ustanovlenii prichinno-sledstvennykh svyazey v sudebnomeditsinskoy praktike // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Meditsina. — 2010. — № 1. — S. 195–199.

35. Shevchenko Yu. S. Sistematizatsiya psikhicheskikh rasstroystv (otechestvennyy vzglyad na mezhdunarodnuyu klassifikatsiyu) // Prakticheskaya meditsina. — 2009. — № 38. — S. 5–12.

36. Shishkov S. N. Psikhicheskoe rasstroystvo kak raznovidnost vreda, prichinennogo zdorovyu poterpevshego // Zakonnost. — 2010. — № 8. — S. 26–30.

37. Shkabin G. S. Vred v ugolovnom prave: vidy i pravovoe regulirovanie // Lex russica. — 2016. — № 8. — S. 62–80.

38. Yanina I. Yu. Ponyatie i vidy prichineniya v ugolovnom prave // Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. — 2019. — № 3.

39. Ahmed R. The Influence of Reasonableness in Determining Delictual or Tort Liability for Emotional Distress or Mental Harm in American and French Law // Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal / Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad. — 2023. — Vol. 26.

40. Ahne S., Ahne T., Bohnert M. Forensic Traumatology // Forensic aspects in emergency medicine. — Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. — 2023. — P. 31–88.

41. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). — 5th ed. — Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013. — 947 p.

42. Bacciagaluppi M. The study of psychic trauma // Journal of the American Academy Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry. — 2011. — Vol. 39 — No. 3. — P. 525–538.

43. Beer M. D. The dichotomies: psychosis/neurosis and functional/organic: a historical perspective // History of Psychiatry. — 1996. — Vol. 7. — No. 26. — Pt. 2. — P. 231–255.

44. Carletto S., Panero M., Cavallo M., Pagani M. Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder // PET and SPECT in Psychiatry / R. A. Dierckx, A. Otte, E. F. J. de Vries, A. van Waarde, I. E. Sommer (eds.). — Springer, 2021. — 1084 p.

45. Davis M. T., Holmes S. E., Pietrzak R. H., Esterlis I. Neurobiology of Chronic Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Molecular Imaging Studies // Chronic Stress. — 2017. — Vol. 1. — P. 1–24.

46. Freedman K. The Epistemological Significance of Psychic Trauma // Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy. — 2006. — № 21. — P. 104–125.

47. Hall R. C. W., Hall R. C. W. Malingering of PTSD: forensic and diagnostic considerations, characteristics of malingerers and clinical presentations // General Hospital Psychiatry. — 2006. — Vol. 28. — No. 6. — P. 525–535.

48. Hall R. C. W., Hall Rich C. W., Chapman M. Definition, Diagnosis, and Forensic Implications of Postconcussional Syndrome // Psychosomatics. — 2005. — No. 46. — P. 195–202.

49. Heckers S., Kendler K. S. The evolution of Kraepelin’s nosological principles // World Psychiatry. — 2020. — Vol. 19. — No. 3. — P. 381–388.

50. Maercker A., Brewin C. R., Bryant R. A. [et al.]. Diagnosis off classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11 // World Psychiatry. — 2013. — No. 12. — P. 198–206.

51. Spitzer C., Dudeck M., Liss H., Orlob S., Gillner M., Freyberger H. J. Post-traumatic stress disorder in forensic inpatients // The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry. — 2001. — Vol. 12. — No. 1. — P. 63–77.

52. Szogi E. G., Sullivan K. A. Malingered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the Effect of Direct Versus Indirect Trauma Exposure on Symptom Profiles and Detectability // Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal / Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad. — 2018. — No. 11. — P. 351–361.

53. Walvisch J. Defining «Mental Disorder» in Legal Contexts // International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. — 2017. — Vol. 52. — P. 7–18.

54.