Current State of Criminal Law Protection of Personal Data: Foreign Experience

In the context of the digital economy, personal data has become one of the key assets. With the development of big data technologies and artificial intelligence, the volume of collected and processed personal data is growing, which increases the risks of its unlawful use. Data breaches violate fundamental rights to privacy and jeopardize personal safety. According to official statistics, recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of incidents involving unauthorized access to computer and personal information, which has stimulated greater public awareness of the importance of its protection. The results of a comparative legal study of criminal liability for unauthorized access to personal data under Article 272.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and foreign legislation in the field of criminal law protection of personal data demonstrate that the effectiveness of criminal law protection is determined not so much by strict punishments, but by the ability of states to adapt national legislation to the rapidly changing conditions of a globalized digital world, as well as by the integration of legal norms to ensure cross-border protection of their citizens’ interests.

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