“Criminal InvestigationDept” in the Russian Adversarial Process in the Second Half of the 17th — the Beginning of the 18th Centuries

An adversarial process includes a “trial,” namely, a stage where the parties become aware of the claims of the plaintiff and the explanations of the defendant, the determination of the evidence in the case takes place, and the “investigation” — examination of evidence -is held. The court and the parties are the subjects of proving. The burden of proof laid on the parties. Collection of evidence at the initiative of the court in the second half of the 17th century was not allowed. Reception of evidence by the court of law and the extension of their meaning to both parties depended on the consent of the litigants. By the beginning of the 18th century providing evidence as a process becomes more and more public. The law-maker sought to limit the number of evidence in the case and to determine a sequence of its use. The evolution of the adversarial process was accompaniedwith the release from the remnants of the ancient inquisitorial process, the restriction of the rights of the parties and the strengthening of the public character of the proceedings. However, the merger or transformation of the adversarial process into investigatory one did not occur. Throughout the process, the active role of the parties, their equality and the ability to influence the course of the case and the procedural decisions taken by the court remained.

trial, investigation, evidence, witnesses, “general house-to-house search”, material evidence, faith, adversarial process, plaintiff, defendant, evidence, witnesses, physical evidence

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