Virtual Reality: Common Problems of Legal Regulation

The paper is devoted to the analysis of general problems of legal regulation of relations arising in the field of the use of virtual reality technology, as well as problems of technology regulation. The paper analyzes what properties of the technology radically differentiate it from other concepts and create challenges for the development of a system of legal regulation of the use of technology. The author describes the main factors complicating the application of existing mechanisms of legal regulation and does forecasts concerning future problems of regulation. The author comes to the conclusion that this technology is radically different from the existing ones, as it combines the properties of the real world and cyberspace. The virtual reality properties complicating the implementation of legal regulation of relations in the field of the use of this technolog include: high realism, full immersion in the session use and low cybersecurity of hardware and software. The author analyzes several regulatory approaches that could be applied to virtual reality and justifies that they all have significant disadvantages. The results of modern research carried out in the field of the VR safe use in education and leisure are rapidly becoming obsolete, as they do not have time for the technologies development, and can serve as the basis for developing a system of rules only with due regard to this factor.

1. Ueoka R., AlMutawa A. Emotion hacking VR: Amplifying scary VR experience by accelerating actual heart rate // Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 10904 LNCS, 2018. — Pp. 436—445.

2. Ahn S. J. G., Bostick J., Ogle E., Nowak K. L., McGillicuddy K. T., Bailenson J. N. Experiencing Nature: Embodying Animals in Immersive Virtual Environments Increases Inclusion of Nature in Self and Involvement With Nature // Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. — 21 (6). — 2016. — Pp. 399—419.

3. Vishwanath A., Kam M., and Kumar N. Examining low-cost virtual reality for learning in low-resource environments // Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Edinburgh: ACM).

4. Diemer J., Alpers G. W., Peperkorn H. M., Shiban Y., Mühlberger A. The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: A review of research in virtual reality // Frontiers in Psychology. — 6 (JAN), 2015. — Art. No. 26. — URL: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026/full.

5. Wreford O., Williams N. L., Ferdinand N. Together alone: An exploration of the virtual event experience // Event Management. — 2019. — 23(4). — Pp. 721—732.

6. Heidrich D., Oberdorfer S., Latoschik M. E. The effects of immersion on harm-inducing factors in virtual slot machines // 26th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces, VR 2019 — Proceedings, 8798021, 2019. — Pp. 793—801.

7. Howard M. C. A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of virtual reality rehabilitation programs // Computers in Human Behavior. — 2017. — Vol. 70. — 1. — Pp. 317—327.

8. Yuan S. N. V., Ip H. H. S. Using virtual reality to train emotional and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder // London Journal of Primary Care. — 2018. — 10(4).

9. Hvass J., Larsen O., Vendelbo K. Visual realism and presence in a virtual reality game // 3DTV-Conference 2017. — Jun, 2018.

10. Dremlyuga R. I. Internet-prestupnost’ : monografiya. — Vladivostok : Izd-vo Dal’nevost. un-ta, 2008. — 240 s.

11. Lemley Mark A., Volokh E. Law, Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality (February 27, 2018). University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 166, 2018, Forthcoming; Stanford Public Law Working Paper No. 2933867;

12. Dremlyuga R. I., Kripakova A. V. Prestupleniya v virtual’noj real’nosti: mif ili real’nost’? // Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava. — 2019. — № 3 (100). — S. 161—169.

13. UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 17-13. — URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2933867 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2933867.

14. Monaenkova E. B. Vliyanie virtual’noj real’nosti na psihicheskoe sostoyanie Studentov // Razvitie sovremennoj nauki: teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty. — 2017. — № 12.

15. Liat Clark. Walking the Plank with the Oculus Rift is Stomach-Churning Stuff, WIRED UK (May 30, 2013). — URL: http://www.wired.co.uk/article/oculus-vr.

16. Tropina T. L. Kiberprestupnost’. Ponyatie, sostoyanie, ugolovno-pravovye mery bor’by : monografiya. — Vladivostok : Izd-vo Dal’nevost. un-ta, 2009. — 240 s.

17. Meuleman B., Rudrauf D. Induction and profiling of strong multi-componential emotions in virtual reality // IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 2018. — URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8432120/.

18. Park J.-M., Noh G.-Y. The effects of vr simulation game on driving fear and efficacy // JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. — 15 (Special Iss. 2), 2018.

19. Ramirez E. J. Ecological and ethical issues in virtual reality research: A call for increased scrutiny // Philosophical Psychology. — 2019. — 32(2). — Pp. 211—233.

20. Rose F. D., Brooks B. M., Attree E. A. An exploratory investigation into the usability and usefulness of training people with learning disabilities in a virtual environment // Disability and Rehabilitation. — 24(11-12). — 2002. — Pp. 627—633.

21. Strikwerda L. Present and Future Instances of Virtual Rape in Light of Three Categories of Legal Philosophical Theories on Rape // Philosophy and Technology. — 2015. — 28 (4).

22. Tardif N., Therrien C.-E., Bouchard S. Re-Examining Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Virtual Reality-Based Exposure for Spider Phobia // Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. — 2019. — 22(1). — Pp. 39—45.

23. Ticknor B. Using virtual reality to treat offenders: An examination // International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences. — 2018. — 13(2). — Pp. 316—325.

24. Ticknor B. Virtual Reality and Correctional Rehabilitation: A Game Changer // Criminal Justice and Behavior. — 2019. — 46(9). — Pp. 1319—1336.

25. Ueoka R., AlMutawa A. Emotion hacking VR: Amplifying scary VR experience by accelerating actual heart rate // Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 10904 LNCS, 2018. — Pp. 436—445.

26. Vishwanath A., Kam M., and Kumar N. Examining low-cost virtual reality for learning in low-resource environments // Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Edinburgh: ACM).

27. Wreford O., Williams N. L., Ferdinand N. Together alone: An exploration of the virtual event experience // Event Management. — 2019. — 23(4). — Pp. 721—732.

28. Yuan S. N. V., Ip H. H. S. Using virtual reality to train emotional and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder // London Journal of Primary Care. — 2018. — 10(4).

29. Dremlyuga R. I. Internet-prestupnost’ : monografiya. — Vladivostok : Izd-vo Dal’nevost. un-ta, 2008. — 240 s.

30. Dremlyuga R. I., Kripakova A. V. Prestupleniya v virtual’noj real’nosti: mif ili real’nost’? // Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava. — 2019. — № 3 (100). — S. 161—169.

31. Monaenkova E. B. Vliyanie virtual’noj real’nosti na psihicheskoe sostoyanie Studentov // Razvitie sovremennoj nauki: teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty. — 2017. — № 12.

32. Tropina T. L. Kiberprestupnost’. Ponyatie, sostoyanie, ugolovno-pravovye mery bor’by : monografiya. — Vladivostok : Izd-vo Dal’nevost. un-ta, 2009. — 240 s.