The Influence of the «Mongol-Tatar Yoke» and the «Golden Horde» on the Development of Russian Medieval Law: The Mystification of Historical and Legal Knowledge as a Pertinent Issue in Domestic Scholarship

The paper addresses the issue of mystification of historical and legal knowledge that originated in the first half of the 19th century, a period marked in Russia by the popularization and promotion of Western-centric, Eurocentric views and ideas. It was during this time that such concepts as the «Mongolian», the «Mongol-Tatar Yoke» were introduced, entirely unsubstantiated but framed within the scientific discipline of the history of Russian law, emphasizing the «subjugated» status of medieval Russian society. Additionally, the term «Golden Horde» became entrenched in scholarly discourse, a designation to which remains a significant attachment in contemporary academic circles. In contrast, native chronicles and legal monuments officially document a different, historically accurate name for the political organization of foreign conquerors — Tatar Horde — that reflects its ethnic, political-legal nature and status more precisely. The author focuses on another form of modern mystification of scientific knowledge concentrated on artificial cultivation by a significant number of researchers of the idea of «strong influence» of the «Mongol-Tatar Yoke» on the right-wing genesis of Russia, including other social relations different from deliberately emphasized «non-independence», «dependence» of the Russian people upon the Horde. In particular, we are talking about the preservation of legal sovereignty, the originality of legal customs and traditions of the Russian people, who, even in the difficult conditions of the Tatar invasion, retained and defended their legal identity. Moreover, it was concluded that it was the Russian legal experience that had a significant impact on the development of both customary and positive law in the Tatar Horde, where the process of reception of terms, means and methods of legal technique, institutions, including a «kun», the appointment of apanage princes, etc., was taking place.

1. Abzalov L. F. Ofitsialnyy pismennyy yazyk i kantselyarskaya kultura Ulusa Dzhuchi: avtoref. dis. … kand. istor. nauk. — Kazan, 2009.

2. Abulgazi-Bayadur-Khan. Rodoslovnaya istoriya o tatarakh: v 2 t. — M., 1768.

3. Akty, sobrannye v bibliotekakh i arkhivakh Rossiyskoy imperii. T. 1. — SPb., 1836.

4. Akty, otnosyashchiesya do grazhdanskoy raspravy Drevney Rossii. T. 1. — Kiev, 1860.

5. Akty yuridicheskie, ili Sobranie form starinnogo deloproizvodstva. — SPb., 1838.

6. Akty istoricheskie, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoyu komissiey. T. 1. — SPb., 1841.

7. Amelkin A. O. Tatarskiy vopros v obshchestvennom soznanii Rossii kontsa XV — pervoy poloviny XVI v. (po materialam pamyatnikov agiografii i folklora): monografiya. — Voronezh, 2008.

8. Andreevskiy I. E. O pravakh inostrantsev v Rossii do vstupleniya Ivana III Vasilevicha na prestol Velikogo knyazhestva Moskovskogo. — SPb., 1854.

9. Artsikhovskiy A. V. Novgorodskie gramoty na bereste (iz raskopok 1952 g.). — M., 1954.

10. Belyaev I. D. Lektsii po istorii russkogo zakonodatelstva. — M., 1879.

11. Blinov N. V. Rus kak ulus Zolotoy Ordy. Iz istorii gosudarstva // Vestnik RUDN. Seriya «Yuridicheskie nauki». — 2006. — № 3.

12. Borisov N. S. Russkaya kultura i mongolo-tatarskoe igo: avtoref. dis. … kand. istor. nauk. — M., 1977.

13. Vernadskiy G. Mongoly i Rus. — M., 2011.

14. Vladimirskiy-Budanov M. F. Obzor istorii russkogo prava. — Kiev, 1907.

15. Vladimirskiy-Budanov M. F. Khrestomatiya po istorii russkogo prava. — Kiev; SPb., 1887.

16. Vorotyntsev L. V. «Tatarskiy brak» vdovy i mladshego brata Andreya Mstislavovicha Chernigovskogo // Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie. — 2020. — № 8.

17. Galperin Ch. Tatarskoe igo: obraz mongolov v srednevekovoy Rossii. — Voronezh, 2012.

18. Georgievskiy E. V. Obshchaya ugolovno-pravovaya kharakteristika Yarlykov tatarskikh khanov russkim mitropolitam // Pravo i politika. — 2017. — № 2.

19. Gerbershteyn S. fon. Zapiski o Moskovii (rerum moscoviticarum commentarii) / soch. barona Gerbershteyna. — SPb., 1866.

20. Golubovskiy P. V. Istoriya Severskoy zemli do poloviny XIV stoletiya. — Kiev, 1881.

21. Gorskaya N. A. Istoricheskaya demografiya Rossii epokhi feodalizma. — M., 1994.

22. Grigorev A. P. Sbornik khanskikh yarlykov russkim mitropolitam: Istochnikovedcheskiy analiz zolotoordynskikh dokumentov. — SPb., 2004.

23. Gumilev L. N. Drevnyaya Rus i Velikaya step. — M., 1989.

24. Guseynov R. G. Vliyanie mongolo-tatarskogo iga na razvitie rossiyskogo gosudarstva i prava // Voprosy rossiyskoy yustitsii. — 2019. — № 3.

25. Dukhovnye i dogovornye gramoty velikikh i udelnykh knyazey XIV–XVI vv. — M.; L., 1950.

26. Dyakonov M. Ocherki obshchestvennogo i gosudarstvennogo stroya Drevney Rusi. — SPb., 1908.

27. Evreinov N. Istoriya telesnykh nakazaniy v Rossii. — Belgorod, 1994.

28. Zhumaganbetov T. S. Zolotoordynskoe pravo. Osnovnye aspekty soderzhaniya // Vestnik RUDN. Seriya «Yuridicheskie nauki». — 2009. — № 5.

29. Zotov R. V. O chernigovskikh knyazyakh po Lyubetskomu sinodiku i o Chernigovskom knyazhestve v tatarskoe vremya. — SPb., 1892.

30. Ibragimov Zh. I. Instituty mongolskogo prava perioda Zolotoy Ordy // Rossiysko-aziatskiy pravovoy zhurnal. — 2022. — № 3.

31. Inkov S. V. Politiko-pravovye osnovy formirovaniya edinogo russkogo gosudarstva v XIII–XV vv. (istorikopravovoy aspekt): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. — SPb., 2010.

32. Kalachov N. V. Arkhiv istoriko-yuridicheskikh svedeniy, otnosyashchikhsya do Rossii. Kn. I. — M., 1850.

33. Kalachov N. V. Arkhiv istoriko-yuridicheskikh svedeniy, otnosyashchikhsya do Rossii. Kn. II. Polovina vtoraya. — M., 1854.

34. Karamzin N. M. Istoriya gosudarstva rossiyskogo. T. 3. — SPb., 1818.

35. Lomonosov M. V. Zapiski po russkoy istorii. — M., 2007.

36. Maksimovich K. A. Drevneyshiy pamyatnik slavyanskogo prava «Zakon sudnyy lyudem»: kompozitsiya, perevodcheskaya tekhnika, problema avtorstva // Vizantiyskiy vremennik. — 2002. — T. 61. — № 86.

37. Nabiev R. F. Istoricheskie istochniki o gosudarstvenno-pravovom statuse imperii Dzhuchidov («Zolotoy Ordy») vtoroy poloviny XIII — nachala XV v. // Obshchestvo i pravo. — 2011. — № 3.

38. Nabiev Sh. I., Umarova G. Sh., Usmonov I. I. Ob istorii proiskhozhdeniya slova «tatar» i tatarskogo naroda // Science Time. — 2017. — № 6.

39. Narushevich A. Tavrikiya, ili Izvestiya drevneyshie i noveyshie o sostoyanii Kryma i ego zhitelyakh do nashikh dney. — Kiev, 1788.

40. Naumov P. A. Ob otnosheniyakh rossiyskikh knyazey k mongolskim i tatarskim khanam ot 1224 po 1480 god. — SPb., 1823.

41. Nolev E. V. «Mongolo-tatarskoe igo»: ideologicheskiy i metodologicheskiy aspekty istoricheskogo diskursa // Vestnik Buryatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. — 2013. — № 8.

42. Pamyatniki russkogo prava. Vypusk tretiy / pod red. prof. L. V. Cherepnina. — M., 1953.

43. Pamyatniki obshchestvennoy mysli Drevney Rusi: v 3 t. T. 2: Period ordynskogo vladychestva. — M., 2010.

44. Platonov S. F. Lektsii po russkoy istorii professora Platonova. — Vyp. I. T. 1. — SPb., 1899.

45. Politov V. V. Otechestvennaya istoriografiya vliyaniya mongolo-tatarskogo iga na sotsialno-politicheskie instituty knyazhestv Severo-Vostochnoy Rusi: avtoref. dis. … kand. istor. nauk. — M., 2017.

46. Popov V. V. Nekotorye voprosy falsifikatsii istorii // Vestnik Volgogradskoy akademii MVD Rossii. — 2013. — № 1.

47. Pochekaev R. Yu. Zolotaya Orda i russkie zemli: yuridicheskie aspekty otnosheniy (ocherki po istorii i antropologii prava): monografiya. — Barnaul, 2022.

48. Russkiy byt XIII–XV vekov. Chem zanimalis, gde zhili, chto eli, kak odevalis, na chem ezdili i kakimi dengami rasplachivalis. — M., 2020.

49. Savoskul M. S. Russkiy etnos v epokhu mongolo-tatarskogo nashestviya. — M., 1997.

50. Savchenko D. A. Nachalo russkoy politicheskoy tsentralizatsii (konets XIII — pervaya polovina XIV veka): pravovye aspekty // Istoriko-pravovye problemy: novyy rakurs. — 2019. — № 4.

51. Samokvasov D. Ya. Glavneyshie momenty v gosudarstvennom razvitii Drevney Rusi i proiskhozhdenie Moskovskogo gosudarstva. — Varshava, 1886.

52. Sakharov I. P. Skazaniya russkogo naroda. T. 1. — SPb., 1841.

53. Sergeevich V. I. Lektsii i issledovaniya po drevney istorii russkogo prava. — SPb., 1910.

54. Sobranie puteshestviy k tataram i drugim vostochnym narodam v XIII, XIV i XV stoletiyakh. — SPb., 1825.

55. Sochnev Yu. V. K otsenke dostovernosti svedeniy predisloviya k yarlyku khana Uzbeka o konfessionalnoy politike ordynskikh vlastiteley // Zolotoordynskaya tsivilizatsiya. — 2013. — № 6.

56. Tatishchev V. N. Istoriya Rossiyskaya s samykh drevneyshikh vremen, neusypnymi trudami cherez tridtsat let sobrannaya i opisannaya pokoynym taynym sovetnikom i astrakhanskim gubernatorom, Vasiliem Nikitichem Tatishchevym. Kniga tretya. — M., 1774.

57. Tereshchenko A. V. Byt russkogo naroda. Ch. I. — SPb., 1848.

58. Timofeev A. G. Istoriya telesnykh nakazaniy v russkom prave. — SPb., 1904.

59. Tlenshieva R. N. Po yazykovym sledam Zolotoy Ordy // Gumanitarnaya paradigma. — 2021. — № 1.

60. Khilkov A. Ya. Yadro rossiyskoy istorii. — M., 1770.

61. Shafiev M. M. Stanovlenie i razvitie sistemy publichnogo upravleniya v Drevnerusskom i tsentralizovannom Moskovskom gosudarstve s IX po XVII v. (istoriko-pravovoy aspekt): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. — SPb., 2008.

62. Shurguchiev O. S. Istochniki o sudoproizvodstve v Zolotoy Orde // Oriental Studies. — 2016. — № 9.