Trends in the Development of Russian Criminal Procedure Legislation Regarding Criminal Cases Involving Minors

The paper analyzes the development trends of criminal procedural legislation of the Russian Federation in relation to minors, taking into account historical, modern and international aspects. The study reveals the evolution from the punitive approaches of the pre-revolutionary period to the humanized norms of Chapter 50 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which are oriented toward rehabilitation. Empirical analysis reveals problems of formalism in the involvement of teachers and psychologists, excessive use of detention and insufficient implementation of educational measures. Comparison with foreign models (Germany, France, USA, Canada, Japan, and China) demonstrates the advantages of specialized courts and probation, which reduce recidivism by 15–30 %. The scientific novelty lies in establishing a correlation between procedural formalism and recidivism (an increase of 10–20 %) and in developing reform proposals: establishing juvenile courts, developing probation, certifying specialists, limiting pretrial detention, and implementing digitalization. Suggested areas for further research include studying the effectiveness of digital systems, the long-term impact of probation, and judicial training. The reforms could reduce incarceration rates to 8% and recidivism to 12 % by harmonizing legislation with international standards.

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