Challenges of Using Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Decision‑Making: The Case of Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgements and Arbitral Awards

The author explores the use of artificial intelligence in the judicial system. The paper describes ways in which artificial intelligence can be used both for judicial decision‑making and for performing other, more technical tasks. The author examines foreign experience and Russian domestic discourse. The paper focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of using artificial intelligence for judicial decision‑making. In particular, a number of potential problems of such use are identified when making decisions on the recognition and enforcement of foreign court and arbitral awards. According to the author, the problems under discussion arise from the inability of artificial intelligence to properly process value judgments, for example, with such a legal category as public order. Moreover, modern practice is complicated by sanctions pressure, which only adds to the difficulty of considering cases on the recognition and enforcement of decisions of foreign courts and arbitrations. In particular, new concepts are emerging, such as persons from unfriendly states, a new public order, etc. At the same time, established institutions (for example, the principle of reciprocity) in modern realities can be applied by courts differently, which, in our opinion, is also inaccessible to full understanding by artificial intelligence.

1. Avtomatizatsiya, prognozy, kreativ: kak bolshoy biznes ispolzuet iskusstvennyy intellekt // SberPro. — URL: https://sber.pro/publication/avtomatizatsiya-prognozi-kreativ-kak-bolshoi-biznes-ispolzuet-iskusstvenniiintellekt/.

2. Ayupov A. D. Naznachenie sudebnoy ekspertizy v arbitrazhnom protsesse i otsenka ee rezultatov // Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava. — 2022. — № 11. — S. 149–159.

3. Igor Krasnov dal poruchenie uskorit vnedrenie iskusstvennogo intellekta v sudebnuyu deyatelnost // Rossiyskaya gazetа. — URL: https://rg.ru/2025/11/05/igor-krasnov-dal-poruchenie-uskorit-vnedrenie-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-sudebnuiu-deiatelnost.html (data obrashcheniya: 07.12.2025).

4. Kulikov V. Sudy planiruyut podklyuchit iskusstvennyy intellekt k sostavleniyu resheniy // Rossiyskaya gazeta. — URL: https://rg.ru/2023/05/25/robot-pomozhet-rassudit.html.

5. Laptev V. A. Iskusstvennyy intellekt v sude: kak on budet rabotat // Pravo.Ru. — URL: https://pravo.ru/opinion/232129/.

6. Laptev V. A. Ponyatie iskusstvennogo intellekta i yuridicheskaya otvetstvennost za ego rabotu // Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. — 2019. — № 2. — S. 79–102.

7. Latysheva N. A. Na puti k iskusstvennomu intellektu v organizatsii sudebnogo deloproizvodstva // Administrator suda. — 2020. — № 3. — S. 8–11.

8. Lukyanova I. N. Obrashchenie v rossiyskiy sud v epokhu elektronnogo pravosudiya // Tsifrovoe pravo. — 2024. — № 5 (4). — S. 96–113.

9. Neznamov A. V. Iskusstvennyy intellekt, edinoobrazie sudebnoy praktiki i tvorcheskiy kharakter sudebnoy deyatelnosti // Vestnik grazhdanskogo protsessa. — 2024. — № 2. — S. 90–106.

10. Tumanov D. A. Mozhet li iskusstvennyy intellekt zamenit sudyu-cheloveka? // Tsifrovoe pravo. — 2024. — № 5 (4). — S. 10–27.

11. Fetisov A. K. Regulyatornyy eksperiment po vnedreniyu sistemy iskusstvennogo intellekta v sferu razresheniya sporov // Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdanskiy protsess. — 2024. — № 7. — S. 3–6.

12. Tsifrovye tekhnologii v grazhdanskom i administrativnom sudoproizvodstve: praktika, analitika, perspektivy / pod red. E. G. Streltsova. — M.: Infotropik Media, 2022. — 336 s.

13. Chernousov D. A., Yuzefovich Zh. Yu. Ispolzovanie iskusstvennogo intellekta v sudebnoy sisteme Rossiyskoy Federatsii: pro et contra // Grazhdanskoe pravo. — 2023. — № 3. — S. 19–24.

14. LegalTech v sfere predprinimatelskoy deyatelnosti: monografiya / otv. red. I. V. Ershova, O. V. Sushkova. — M.: Prospekt, 2023. — 200 s.

15. Artificial Intelligence (AI) — Judicial Guidance // Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. — URL: https://www.judiciary.uk/guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence-ai-judicial-guidance/.

16. Bernardis L. The five stages of the English litigation process // B&M Law LLP. — URL: https://www.bandmlaw.co.uk/site/blog/bandm-blog/the-five-stages-of-the-english-litigation-process.

17. DataJust: Towards a predictive Justice? // Soulier Avocats. — URL: https://www.soulier-avocats.com/en/ datajust-towards-a-predictive-justice/.

18. Härmand K. AI Systems' Impact on the Recognition of Foreign Judgements: The Case of Estonia // Juridica International. — 2023. — No. 32. — P. 107–118.

19. JTC Resource Bulletin: Introduction to AI for Courts // Official website of the National center for State Courts. — URL: https://www.ncsc.org/data/assets/pdf_file/0027/98910/JTC-AI-paper-update-3.5.24.pdf.

20. The Ministry of Economy abandons the development of DataJust, the algorithm that should help calculate compensation for personal injury // ActuaIA. — URL: https://www.actuia.com/english/the-ministry-ofeconomy-abandons-the-development-of-datajust-the-algorithm-that-should-help-calculate-compensationfor-personal-injury/.

21. The Supreme People's Court. The Opinions on Regulating and Strengthening the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Judicial Fields (2022) // China Laws Portal — CJO. — URL: https://www.chinajusticeobserver.com/law/x/the-supreme-people-s-court-the-opinions-on-regulating-and-strengthening-the-applications-ofartificial-intelligence-in-the-judicial-field-20221208.

22. Vasdani Tara. Robot justice: China's use of Internet courts // LexisNexis. — URL: https://www.lexisnexis.ca/en-ca/ihc/2020-02/robot-justice-chinas-use-of-internet-courts.page.

23. Zhou Qiang urges improvement of internet judicial model with Chinese characteristics // Official website of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China. — URL: https://english.court.gov.cn/202211/07/c_861571.htm.