Current Problems of Forensic Examination in the Context of Digitalization and Ways to Resolve Them

The paper examines current issues of digitalization of forensic expert activity in the context of the development of a new private theory of forensic expertology. The study focuses on the analysis of the transformation of traditional objects of expert examination into digital form and the associated procedural complexities. The theoretical basis of the study rests on the theory of digitalization of forensic expert activity, which shapes the methodological foundations for working with digital traces as new objects of examination, directions of using neural network AI algorithms in forensic expert activity, and the transformation of forensic experts’ competencies. Particular attention is given to procedural issues in engaging specialists in the appointed forensic examinations, the collection of digital traces, and the evaluation of expert opinions, including: the insufficient level of IT competencies of law enforcers, the limited authority of specialists in civil and arbitration proceedings, difficulties in determining their competencies, and the verification of the integrity of digital traces. A comprehensive analysis of the interaction between procedural norms and new forms of expert examination is provided, as well as ways to optimize the work of specialists in the context of digitalization.

1. Afanasev S. F. O sushchnosti dokazatelstv v kontekste ispolzovaniya novykh tsifrovykh tekhnologiy v tsivilisticheskoy protsessualnoy deyatelnosti // Vestnik grazhdanskogo protsessa. — 2021. — T. 11. — № 5. — S. 267–294.

2. Bakhteev D. V. Osobennosti raspoznavaniya podloga podpisi chelovekom kak pervichnye kriterii dlya razrabotki sistemy iskusstvennogo intellekta // Sibirskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. — 2020. — № 17 (4). — S. 514–522.

3. Bodrov N. F., Lebedeva A. K. Sudebno-ekspertnoe protivodeystvie dipfeyk-dezinformatsii // Soyuz kriminalistov i kriminologov. — 2024. — № 4. — S. 129–142.

4. Kartashov I. I., Lesnikov O. A. Tsifrovaya informatsiya v ugolovno-protsessualnom dokazyvanii: ponyatie i svoystva // Nauka. Obshchestvo. Gosudarstvo. — 2020. — T. 8. — № 4 (32). — S. 73–82.

5. Kokin A. V. Sudebnaya ekspertiza v epokhu chetvertoy industrialnoy revolyutsii (Industrii 4.0) // Teoriya i praktika sudebnoy ekspertizy. — 2021. — T. 16. — № 2. — S. 29–36.

6. Lazareva V. A. Dokazyvanie v ugolovnom protsesse: uchebnik dlya bakalavriata i magistratury. — 8-e izd., pererab. i dop. — M.: Yurayt, 2025. — 283 s.

7. Orlov Yu. K. Sovremennye problemy dokazyvaniya i ispolzovaniya spetsialnykh znaniy v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: nauch.-ucheb. posobie. — M.: Prospekt, 2016. — 213 s.

8. Osnovy sudebnoy ekspertologii: uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie / A. I. Usov, G. G. Omelyanyuk, A. Yu. Butyrin [i dr.]. — M.: RFTsSE, 2023. — 383 s.

9. Poddubnyak A. A., Alieva A. A. Spetsifika dokazatelstvennogo znacheniya otdelnykh vidov elektronnykh nositeley informatsii // Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Yuridicheskie nauki. — 2020. — T. 4 (70). — № 4. — S. 207–214.

10. Rossinskaya E. R. Iskusstvennyy intellekt v sudebnoy ekspertize: mezhdu innovatsiyami i riskami // Tekhnologii XXI veka v yurisprudentsii: materialy Sedmoy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, Ekaterinburg, 5 iyunya 2025 g. — Ekaterinburg, 2025. — S. 155–161.

11. Rossinskaya E. R. Kriminalistika: uchebnik. — 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. — M.: Norma, Infra-M, 2025. — 608 s.

12. Rossinskaya E. R. Razvitie sudebnoy ekspertologii v usloviyakh informatsionno-tekhnologicheskoy i tsifrovoy transformatsii sotsiuma // Soyuz kriminalistov i kriminologov. — 2025. — № 3. — S. 122–137.

13. Rossinskaya E. R. Sistema teorii tsifrovizatsii sudebno-ekspertnoy deyatelnosti // Teoriya i praktika sudebnoy ekspertizy. — 2024. — T. 19. — № 3. — S. 20–32.

14. Rossinskaya E. R. Sudebnaya ekspertiza v grazhdanskom, arbitrazhnom, administrativnom i ugolovnom protsessakh: monografiya. — 4-e izd., pererab. i dop. — M.: Norma, Infra-M, 2022. — 576 s.

15. Rossinskaya E. R., Galyashina E. I., Zinin A. M. Teoriya sudebnoy ekspertizy (sudebnaya ekspertologiya). — 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. — M.: Norma, Infra-M, 2016. — 338 s.

16. Rossinskaya E. R., Ryadovskiy I. A. Taktika i tekhnologiya proizvodstva neverbalnykh sledstvennykh deystviy po delam o kompyuternykh prestupleniyakh: teoriya i praktika // Lex russica (Russkiy zakon). — 2021. — T. 74. — № 9 (178). — S. 102–118.

17. Savitskiy A. A. Aktualnye voprosy stanovleniya i razvitiya sudebnoy ekonomiko-tsifrovoy ekspertizy v usloviyakh tsifrovizatsii sotsialno-ekonomicheskoy sfery gosudarstva // Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika. — 2021. — № 3. — S. 60–64.

18. Sudebnaya ekspertiza v tsivilisticheskikh protsessakh: monografiya / E. Kh. Barinov, N. F. Bodrov, A. Yu. Butyrin [i dr.]; pod red. E. R. Rossinskoy. — M.: Prospekt, 2018. — 704 s.

19. Sudebnaya ekspertiza: tipichnye oshibki: monografiya / N. F. Bodrov, V. V. Golikova, A. M. Zinin [i dr.]; pod red. E. R. Rossinskoy. — 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. — M.: Prospekt, 2024. — 736 s.

20. Teoriya informatsionno-kompyuternogo obespecheniya kriminalisticheskoy deyatelnosti: monografiya / pod red. E. R. Rossinskoy. — M.: Prospekt, 2022. — 256 s.

21. Usov A. I. Metody i sredstva resheniya zadach kompyuterno-tekhnicheskoy ekspertizy: ucheb. posobie. — M.: GU EKTs MVD Rossii, 2002. — 200 s.

22. Tsifrovaya kriminalistika: uchebnik dlya vuzov / V. B. Vekhov [i dr.]; pod red. V. B. Vekhova, S. V. Zueva. — 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. — M.: Yurayt, 2024. — 491 s.

23. Chesnokova E. V., Usov A. I., Omelyanyuk G. G., Nikulina M. V. Iskusstvennyy intellekt v sudebnoy ekspertologii // Teoriya i praktika sudebnoy ekspertizy. — 2023. — T. 18. — № 3. — S. 60–77.

24. Giverts P., Sorokina K., Fedorenko V. Examination of the possibility to use Siamese networks for the comparison of firing marks // Journal of Forensic Sciences. — 2022. — Vol. 67(6). — P. 2416–2424.

25. Yuxi Xie, Wu C. T., Boyuan Li, Xuan Hu, Shaofan Li. A feed-forwarded neural network-based variational Bayesian learning approach for forensic analysis of traffic accident // Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. — 2022. — Vol. 397. — July. — 115148.