The paper identifies and characterizes the principal areas of activity of the Legal Department of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany. These areas include legislative activity, the German judicial authorities reorganization, denazification of German judicial bodies and German legislation, oversight over the activities of  German judicial and investigative institutions, supervision over the execution of sentences and the operations of the prison administration, and Nazi and war criminals extradition. All of these functions required the engagement of highly qualified personnel, and the Legal Department successfully implemented the training of such staff. The work of the Legal Department can be divided into two main periods: 1945–1947 and 1948–1949. In its activities, the Legal Department relied upon Soviet experience in legislative drafting and law enforcement, a practice that was often viewed unfavorably by German jurists. The Legal Department’s role was inherently dual: it both exercised supervisory authority over the operation of German judicial bodies and maintained a position of oversight above them; on the other hand, it served as a political instrument, indicating the subordination and dependence of Soviet law upon the governing authorities. 

This paper examines the question of foreign influence on the 1898 draft law concerning the separate residence of spouses in the Russian Empire, prepared by the Editorial Commission for the Compilation of the Civil Code. The draft was ultimately rejected following accusations by the Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod, K. P. Pobedonostsev, of uncritical adoption of a foreign legal institution. The author argues that this charge was not rooted in a genuine concern over foreign borrowing, but rather reflected the ecclesiastical administration’s unwillingness to allow the establishment of a secular alternative to ecclesiastical divorce. Through a comparison  of the texts of the draft of the German Civil Code and the Russian law dated 12 March 1914, approved by the Holy Synod, the author demonstrates that in the final version of the Russian law, the borrowing from German legislative material is manifested far more explicitly. This is evidenced by textual coincidences in the list of grounds for permitting the rejection of a request by one spouse to restore cohabitation. 

The paper examines conceptions of the relationship between the notions of «administrative law» and «state administration» in Russian pre‑revolutionary, Soviet scholarship, and contemporary administrative law scholarship. It demonstrates that over more than a century these concepts were at times effectively conflated and at other times understood differently. Changes in scholars’ views were largely shaped by the constitutional approach to defining executive bodies and state administration, by the varying attitudes in Soviet society toward administrative law and the science of administration at different historical stages, and by the development of views on the informational nature of governance. The author concludes that the cyclical character of this process also has an international dimension. It is determined that a new cycle began to emerge in Russia with the introduction into the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the concept of a unified system of public authority and with the appearance of the term «public administration» in the scholarship. The new phase is characterized not by a mere verbal identification of administrative law with public administration but by an inseparable substantive connection between them, manifested in the constant application of administrative law norms in the exercise of public administration. 

Administrative Law Regulation of the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Executive Authorities’ Personnel Management  public administration. The author elucidates legal and organizational conditions for the effective integration of artificial intelligence technologies into the processes of attracting and selecting candidates for positions in the civil service, taking into account the statutory restrictions established by current legislation regulating the state civil service. The study assesses the sufficiency of legal mechanisms with regard to minimizing the risks of discrimination, breaches of information confidentiality, and the protection of personal data of both candidates for civil service positions and serving civil servants, as well as ensuring transparency and objectivity in decisions made with the use of artificial intelligence technologies. The paper also sets out theoretical legal approaches to establishing legal liability for actions performed through the use of artificial intelligence. 

The adoption of amendments to the Budget Code in 2025 established the parameters of budgetary and legal regulation concerning the digital ruble. The distinctive features of the budgetary and legal regime of the digital ruble include the existence of a unified account for the digital ruble, opened by the Treasury of Russia at the Bank of Russia, and the transit nature of transactions conducted through the digital ruble account. This structure allows for the avoidance of reductions in the balances of cashless rubles in the unified treasury account. The phenomenon of the «budgetary ruble» that has emerged with the introduction of the treasury payment  system generally facilitates the execution of payments upon the occurrence of specific conditions stipulated by budgetary legislation. Given that the existing treasury payment system guarantees the traceability of cashless funds and employs all modern payment technologies, the advantages of the digital ruble platform can be significantly implemented in transactions conducted within the banking system outside the state treasury framework, such as parafiscal payments and banking support. 

The paper addresses issues related to the analysis of the economic nature of relations arising in the course of the National Wealth Fund operation and the legal regulation of such relations under conditions of external economic sanctions imposed by unfriendly states, resulting in the inability to accurately forecast the level of oil and gas revenues for the federal budget. The author examines specific characteristics of the National Wealth Fund as both an economic and a legal phenomenon. The study establishes that the National Wealth Fund may be considered from several perspectives: 1) as a type of economic relationship; 2) as a segregated targeted fund of monetary resources formed within the federal budget; 3) as an instrument of budgetary regulation; 4) as a set of special budgetary powers. One of the key issues explored in the paper is the use of the National Wealth Fund’s resources for budgetary lending and investment in the areas of import substitution and the facilitation of the foreign trade activities of the Russian Federation. The legal framework governing the operation of the National Wealth Fund imperatively precludes the establishment, in the federal law on the federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year, of alternative directions for the expenditure of the Fund’s budgetary resources, including budgetary investments and budgetary loans. 

The judiciary effectiveness directly depends on timely and complete enforcement of the results of the judiciary’s work. The enforcement of judicial acts that have entered into legal force plays a key role in safeguarding the rights of individuals and organizations. The paper examines the concept of enforcement proceedings in the Russian Federation and outlines approaches to their place in the Russian legal system. The author analyzes the process of enforcing executive documents in relation to the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation, treasury support participants, and budgetary/autonomous institutions. The paper identifies the problems arising in the organization of judicial documents enforcement by the bodies of the Federal Treasury. The author explains the expediency of amendments made to budgetary legislation concerning the recovery of  public funds, and offers proposals applied for improving the mechanism of enforcement of the judicial acts by the Treasury of Russia. 

National sports federations, responsible for the development of various sports in Russia, constitute some of the principal actors in the field of physical culture and sports. However, the historical evolution of their civil legal personality has not been the subject of dedicated scholarly research. The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons for the imperative provision in Federal Law No. 329‑FZ dated 4 December 2007 «On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation» establishing a public association as the sole permissible organizational and legal form for sports federations, taking into account the historical context. The research findings indicate that the choice of this organizational and legal form for sports federations in Russia was determined by the ideological objectives of the Soviet state, which shaped the development of new approaches to public administration during the period of the «Thaw» (1960s). In the twentieth century, sports federations, while integrated into the system of state authorities and retaining collegial, corporation-like governance models, nevertheless lost the attributes characteristic of private-law corporations. In light of these considerations, the author proposes a reconsideration of the approach to the civil legal personality of sports federations. 

The paper examines the role of sociological survey as one of the key pieces of evidence of acquired distinctiveness of trademarks. Particular attention is given to the law enforcement practice of Rospatent and the Intellectual Property Court, as well as methodological approaches to recognizing a sociological survey as objective, reliable, and admissible evidence. The main principles of formulating questions for sociological research are highlighted: the principles of neutrality, consistency and objectivity. It is essential that during a sociological survey, questions do not lead respondents to a specific answer and do not distort their natural perception. Consistent formulation of questions means arranging them in a logical order that facilitates objective and independent responses. Questions should be formulated without evaluative judgments and should not be presumptive, in order to avoid leading respondents to a predetermined answer. Proper sampling, question order, data collection and processing methods will increase the likelihood that the results will be most representative. It is recommended to develop a list of standard questions for respondents taking into account law enforcement practice in order to exclude the presence of leading and inclining questions. 

A resolution on the reclassification of a crime is one of the most common documents drawn up by an investigator during the investigation of crimes that are not regulated by criminal procedure law. The issuance of this resolution is due to the need to change the classification of the crime committed by the suspect, accused or unidentified person. The science of criminal procedural law does not pay due attention to the theoretical issues of drafting such a document by an investigator, and uniform and specific rules for its drafting have not been developed in investigative and judicial practice. This leads to the fact that during the investigation of crimes, investigators often face significant risks of drawing up an illegal and unfounded decision to reclassify the crime, which may subsequently lead to a violation of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings. This paper, based on an analysis of legislative and scientific provisions, as well as investigative and judicial practice, proposes rules that, if followed, will enable the investigator to issue the said procedural document that fully complies with the requirements of legality, validity, and justification stipulated in Part 4 of Article 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. 

The development of artificial intelligence is accompanied by its implementation in all spheres of human activity. Unfortunately, criminal activity is no exception. Artificial intelligence remains a phenomenon that has not been fully understood in criminological science. There are individual studies dedicated to the potential of using artificial intelligence in crime prevention, but there is insufficient work examining the influence of artificial intelligence on crime itself. The paper attempts to present a general description of the phenomenon of crime transformation under the influence of artificial intelligence in the modern world by defining the main directions of this process. The main risks arising from the use of artificial intelligence by criminals are primarily related to the scaling and automation of crime, as well as the declining level of technical skills required to commit crimes. The essence of the crime does not change when a criminal uses artificial intelligence, nor do new types of crimes appear, at least for now. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crime will soon, and perhaps even now, be determined by artificial intelligence. 

In the modern world, migration is one of the most discussed phenomena, significantly affecting the social, economic and cultural aspects of life. Statistics on crimes committed by and against migrants in Russia from 2020 to 2024 reveal trends that require in-depth study. The author analyzes the relationship between migration flows and crime rates, and focuses on the negative consequences of migration, such as the rise of extremism. Various types of migration (labor, forced, etc.) and their specific consequences are considered. The  factors that contribute to the radicalization of migrants are explored, including socio-economic marginalization, cultural gap and political isolation. Theories explaining the relationship between migration and extremism are discussed, and the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing issues related to migration and extremism is emphasized In conclusion, recommendations are proposed for developing an effective migration policy aimed at reducing extremism and ensuring social stability. Important aspects include the integration of migrants, raising legal awareness and improving intercultural dialogue. A comprehensive approach to these issues will help create a more inclusive and secure society that promotes harmony and understanding between different ethnic groups. 

In the paper, the analyzes the features of recognizing the adoption of a public legal act as a force majeure event in disputes considered under international commercial arbitration. In particular, the paper examines the specifics of regulating the recognition of the adoption of public legal acts as force majeure event in relation to companies with state participation. The contribution of the Swedish scholar K.H. Böckstigel to the development of this doctrine, in particular the test he developed to determine the possibility for a state-owned enterprise to rely on the adoption of a public legal act as a force majeure event («the K. H. Böckstiegel test»), is assessed. The author concludes that, despite the fact that the Böckstiegel test belongs to the realm of «soft» law, its significance cannot be overestimated, since it has served as a guide for resolving many significant international disputes. However, despite the undoubted value of the Böckstiegel test for resolving disputes under international commercial arbitration, it does not allow for determining a party’s ability to invoke force majeure circumstances in a number of cases and requires modernization. 

The paper analyzes various aspects of legislative regulation of the processes of creation and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) within the framework of the legal systems of integration associations and some foreign states. The aim of the study is to identify the main approaches to defining genetically modified organisms, rules for controlling the circulation of GMOs, and to detect differences in regulation and law enforcement practices. Particular attention is given to safety, labeling, and liability for violation of legislation in the area of GMO circulation. The study was based on an analysis of various interpretations of the term «genetically modified organisms (GMOs)» presented in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and other countries, as well as integration associations. Particular attention was given to the analysis of legislation regulating the circulation and use of GMOs. The methodological basis of the study was dogmatic and formal-logical analysis, an axiological approach, and a comparative legal method. 

Taxation issues that practicing lawyers face in their work can be grouped into two main areas. The first is tax legislation and the practice of its application. This area typically dominates questions related to tax audit procedures and the application of tax law norms concerning expenses, deductions, and other similar categories. The second  area is civil legislation and contractual practice. Virtually any transaction includes tax-related provisions. These can be divided into direct and indirect. Direct provisions include, for example, clauses on VAT in contracts. Indirect provisions are specific clauses in contracts concerning warranties and indemnities. Until 2015, these provisions lacked normative support but were used in practice. This article, drawing on the experience of concluding and executing various transactions, representing organizations during tax audits, and based on academic and normative materials, examines the categories of warranty and indemnity, as well as the practice of including tax provisions in contracts.